Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net 1812-2108 1812-2116 5 4 2008 10.5194/hessd-5-1705-2008 http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/5/1705/2008/ http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/5/1705/2008/hessd-5-1705-2008.html http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/5/1705/2008/hessd-5-1705-2008.pdf 1705 1730 2008-07-01 Estimating surface fluxes over the north Tibetan Plateau area with ASTER imagery W. Ma wqma@lzb.ac.cn Y. Ma M. Li Z. Hu L. Zhong Z. Su H. Ishikawa J. Wang Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou��Gansu 730000, China Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation,\newline Enschede, The Netherlands Surface fluxes are important boundary conditions for climatological modeling and Asian monsoon system. The recent availability of high-resolution, multi-band imagery from the ASTER (Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) sensor has enabled us to estimate surface fluxes. ASTER covers a wide spectral region with 14 bands from the visible to the thermal infrared with high spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution. The spatial resolution varies with wavelength: 15 m in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR), 30 m in the short wave infrared (SWIR), and 90 m in the thermal infrared (TIR). A parameterization method based on ASTER data and field observations has been proposed and tested for deriving surface albedo, surface temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), vegetation coverage, Leaf Area Index (LAI), net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux over heterogeneous land surface in this paper. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the experimental area of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP/Tibet), which located at the north Tibetan Plateau. The ASTER data of 24 July 2001, 29 November 2001 and 12 March 2002 was used in this paper for the case of summer, winter and spring. To validate the proposed methodology, the ground-measured surface variables (surface albedo and surface temperature) and land surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) were compared to the ASTER derived values. The results show that the derived surface variables and land surface heat fluxes in three different months over the study area are in good accordance with the land surface status. Also, the estimated land surface variables and land surface heat fluxes are in good accordance with ground measurements, and all their absolute percent difference (APD) is less than 10% in the validation sites. It is therefore concluded that the proposed methodology is successful for the retrieval of land surface variables and land surface heat fluxes using the ASTER data and filed observation over the study area. Baret, F. and Guyot, G.: Potentials and limits of vegetation indices for LAI and APAR assessment, Remote Sens. Environ., 35, 161–173, 1997. Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.: Ph.D. thesis,Regionalization of Surface Flux Densities and Moisture Indicators in Composite Terrain, Wageningen Agric. Univ., Netherlands, 143–161, 1995. Bastiaanssen W. G. M.: PhD Thesis, Regionalization of surface fluxes and moisture indicators in composite terrain, Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherlands, 273 pp., 1995. Becker, F. and Li., Z.-L.: Towards a local split window method over land surfaces, Int. J. Remote Sens., 11, 369–393, 1990. Becker, F. and Li, Z.-L.: Surface temperature and emissivity at various scales: Definition, measurement and related problems, Remote Sens. Rev., 12, 225–253, 1995. Berk, A., Bernstein, L. S., and Robertson, D. C.: MODTRAN: A moderate resolution model for LOTRAN-7, GL-TR-89-0122, Geophys. Lab., Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass, 1989. Che'din, A., Scott, N. A., Wahiche, C., and Moulinier, P.: The improved initialisation inversion method: A high resolution physical method for temperature retrievals from Tiros-N series, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 24, 124–143, 1985. Choi, T., Hong, J., Kim, J., Lee, H., Asanuma, J., Ishikawa, H., Tsukamoto, O., Gao, Z., Ma, Y., Ueno, K., Wang, J., Koike, T., and Yasunari, T.: Turbulent exchange of heat, water vapor, and momentum over a Tibetan prairie by eddy covariance and flux variance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21106, doi:10.1029/2004JD004767, 2004. Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 373–398, 1988. Choudhury, B. J., Idso, S. B., and Reginato, R. J.: Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by infrared-temperature based energy balance equation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 39, 283–297, 1987. Clothier, B. E., Clawson, K. L., Pinter, P. J., Moran, M. S., Reginato, R. J., and Jackson, R. D.: Estimating of soil heat flux from net radiation during the growth of alfalfa, Agric. For. Meteorol., 37, 319–329, 1986. Daughtry, C. S. T., Kustas, W. P., Moran, M. S., Pinter, P. J., Jackson, R. D., Brown, P. W., Nichols, W. D., and Gay, L. W.: Spectral estimates of net radiation and soil heat flux, Remote Sens. Environ., 32, 111–124, 1990. Hook, S. J., Gabell, A. R., Green, A. A., and Kealy, P. S.: A comparison of techniques for extracting emissivity information from thermal infrared data for geologic studies, Remote Sensing of Environment, 42, 123–135. 1992. Jia, L., Menenti, M., and Wang, J.: Estimation of area roughness length for momentum using remote sensing data and measurements in field, Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 23, 632–640, 1999, (in Chinese with English abstract). Kahle, A. B. and Alley, R. E.: Separation of temperature and emittance in remotely sensed radiance measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 42, 107–112. 1992. Kenizys, F. X., Abreu, L. W., Anderson, G. P., Chetwynd, J. H., Shettle, E. P., and Berk, L. S.: The MODTRAN3/2 report and LODTRAN 7 model, Phillips Lab., Geophys. Dir., Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. Koepke, P., K. T. 1996. Kriebel, K. T. and Dietrich, B.: The effect of surface reflection and of atmospheric parameters on the short wave radiation budget, Adv. Space Res., 5, 353–354. 1985. Kustas, W. P., Choudhury, B. J., Moran, M. S., Reginato, R. J., Jackson, R. D., Gay,L. W., and Weaver, H. L.: Determination of sensible heat flux over sparse canopy using thermal infrared data, Agric. For. Meteorol., 44, 197–216, 1989. Kustas, W. P.: Estimates of evapotransiration with a one- and twolayer model of heat transfer over partial canopy cover, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 704–715. 1990. Kustas, W. P., and Daughtry, C. S. T.: Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectral data, Agric. For. Meteorol., 39, 205–223, 1990 Kustas, W. P. and Norman, J. M.: A two-source approach for estimating turbulent fluxes using multiple angle thermal infrared observations, Water Resour. Res., 33, 1495–1508. 1997. Li, Z.-L. and Becker, F.: Feasibility of land surface temperature and emissivity determination from AVHRR data, Remote Sens. Environ., 43, 67–85, 1993. Liang, S.: Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I Algorithms. Remote Sensing of Environment, 76, 213–238, 2000. Liou, K. N.: An introduction to atmospheric radiation(Second Edition), China Meteorol. Press, China. 2004. Ma, W.: PhD Thesis, Estimating regional heat surface fluxes over heterogeneous landscapes of the Tibetan Plateau by using ASTER data, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 2007. Ma, Y. and Tsukamoto, O.: Combining Satellite Remote Sensing With Field Observations for Land Surface Heat Fluxes Over Inhomogeneous Landscape, China Meteorol. Press, China. 2002. Ma, Y., Tsukamoto, O., Wang, J., Ishikawa, H., and Tamagawa, I.: Analysis of aerodynamic and thermodynamic parameters over the grassy marshland surface of Tibetan Plateau, Prog. Nat. Sci., 12, 36–40, 2002a. Ma, Y., Su, Z., Li, Z.-L., Koike, T., and Menenti, M.: Determination of regional net radiation and soil heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau, Hydrol. Processes, 16, 2963–2971, 2002b. Ma, Y., Su, Z., Koike, T., Yao, T., Ishikawa, H., Ueno, K., and Menenti, M.: On measuring and remote sensing surface energy partitioning over the Tibetan Plateau – From GAME/Tibet to CAMP/Tibet, Phys. Chem. Earth, 28, 63–74, 2003a. Ma, Y., Ishikawa, H., Tsukamoto, O., Menenti, M., Su, Z., Yao, T., Koike, T., and Yasunari, T.: Regionalization of surface fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau by using satellite remote sensing, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 81, 277–293, 2003b. Ma, Y., Fan, S., Ishikawa, H., Tsukamoto, O., Yao, T., Koike, T., Zuo, H., Hu, Z., and Su, Z.: Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area, Theor. and Appl.Climatol., 80, 259–273. 2005. Ma, Y., Zhong, L., Su, Z., Ishikawa, H., Menenti, M., and Koike, T.: Determination of regional distributions and seasonal variations of land surface heat fluxes from Landsat-7 Ehanced Thematic Mapper data over the central Tibetan Plateau area, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006742, 2006. Ma, Y.: PhD Thesis, Determination of regional surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous landscapes by integrating satellite remote sensing with boundary layer observations, Wageningen University, 2006. Menenti, M., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., and Van Eick, D.: Determination of hemispheric albedo with Thematic Mapper data, Remote Sens. Environ., 28, 327–337, 1989. Menenti, M., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Hefny, K., and Abd EI Karim, M. H.: Mapping of ground water losses by evaporation in the Western Desert of Egypt, Rep., 1–116 pp., DLO Winand Staring Cent., Wageningen, Netherlands. 1991. Menenti, M. and Choudhury, B. J.: Parameterization of land surface evaporation by means of location dependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range, in Exchange Processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales, edited by: Bolle, H. J., Feddes, R. A., and Kalma, J. D., IAHS Publ., 561–568, 1993. Norman, J. M., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S.: A two-source approach for estimating soil and Vegetation energy fluxes from observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agric. For. Meteorol., 77, 263–293, 1995. Paulson, C. A.: The mathematic representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 856–861. 1970. Pinker, R. T.: Satellites and our understanding of the surface energy balance, Paleogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 82, 321–342. 1990. Price, J. C.: Estimating vegetation amount from visible and near infrared albedo, Remote Sens. Environ., 41, 29–34, 1992. Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H., and Sorooshian, S.: A modified soil adjusted vegetation index, Remote Sens. Environ., 48, 119–126. 1994. Kato, S. and Yamaguchi, Y.: Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+ Data: Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux, Remote Sensing of Environment, 99, 44–54. 2005. Schmugge, T. J., Hook, S., and Kahle, A.: TIMS observation of surface emissivity in HAPEX-Sahel, paper presented at International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Inst. of Electr. and Electron.Eng., Florence, Italy, 1995. Sellers, P. J., Rasool, S. I., and Bolle, H. J.: A review of satellite data algorithms for studies of the land surface, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 1429–1447, 1990. Shunlin Liang.: Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo, Remote Sensing of Environment, 76, 213–238, 2001. Sobrino, J. A. and Raissouni, N.: Toward remote sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring: application to Morocco, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21, 353–366, 2000. Stanhill, G.: A simple instrument for the ground measurement of turbulent diffusion flux£¬Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8, 509–513, 1969. Su, Z.: The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 85–99, 2002. Susskind, J., Rosenfield, J., Renter, D., and Chahine, M. T.: Remote sensing of weather and climate parameters from HIRS2/MSU on TIROS-N, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4677–4697, 1984. Tucker, C. J.: Monitoring the grasslands of semi-arid Africa using NOAA AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 7–11, 1383–1622, 1986. Wan, Z. and Dozier, J.: Land surface temperature measurement from space: Physical principles and inverse modelling, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 27, 268–278, 1989. Wang, J., Ma, Y., Menenti, M., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., and Mistsuta, Y.: The scaling-up of processes in the heterogeneous landscape of HEIFE with the aid of satellite remote sensing, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 1235–1244, 1995. Watson, K., Kruse, F., and Hummer-Miler, S.: Thermal infrared exploration in the Carlin trend, Geophysics, 55, 70–79. 1990. Y. Oku and Ishikawa, H.: Estimation of Land Surface Temperature over the Tibetan Plateau Using GMS Data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 548–561. 2004. Y. Oku, Ishikawa, H., and Su, Z.: Estimation of Land Surface Energy Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau using GMS Data, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 46, 183–195. 2007. Y. Yamaguchi, Kahle, A. B., Tsu, H., Kawakami, T., and Pniel, M.: Overview of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1062–1071, 1998. Yanai, M., Li, C., and Song, Z.: Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 70, 319–351, 1992. Yang K., Tamai, N., and Koike, T.: Analytical solution of surface layer similarity equations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1647–1653, 2001. Yang, K., Koike, T., Fujii, H., Tamagawa, K., and Hirose, N.: Improvement of surface flux parameterizations with a turbulence-related length, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128B, 2073–2088. 2002. Yang, K., Koike, T., and Yang, D.: Surface flux parameterization in the Tibetan Plateau, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 116, 245–262. 2003. Yang, K., Koike, T., Ishikawa, H., and Ma, Y.: Analysis of the surface energy budget at a site of GAME/Tibet using a single-source model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 131–153. 2004. Ye, D. and Gao, Y.: The Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Plateau (in Chinese), 1–278, Sci. Press, China, 1979. Ye, D.: Some characteristics of the summer circulation over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its neighborhood, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 62, 14–19, 1981. Ye, D. and Wu, G.: The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181–198, 1998. Zuo, H., Hu, Y., Li, D., Lu, S., and Ma, Y.: Seasonal transition and its boundary characteristics in Amdo area of Tibetan Plateau, Prog. Nat. Sci., 15, 239–245, 2005.