<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/inc/hessd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1812-2108</issn>
		<eissn>1812-2116</eissn>
		<volume_number>6</volume_number>
		<issue_number>6</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/hessd-6-6795-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/6/6795/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/6/6795/2009/hessd-6-6795-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/6/6795/2009/hessd-6-6795-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>6795</start_page>
	<end_page>6832</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-11-04</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">The two-layer surface energy balance parameterization scheme (TSEBPS) for estimation of land surface heat fluxes</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>X. Xin</name>
			<email>xin_xzh@sohu.com</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>Q. Liu</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">A Two-layer Surface Energy Balance Parameterization Scheme (TSEBPS) is
proposed for the estimation of surface heat fluxes using thermal infrared
(TIR) data over sparsely vegetated surfaces. TSEBPS is based on the theory
of the classical two-layer energy balance model, as well as a set of new
formulations derived from assumption of the energy balance at limiting
cases. Two experimental data sets are used to assess the reliabilities of
TSEBPS. Based on these case studies, TSEBPS has proven to be capable of
estimating heat fluxes at vegetation surfaces with acceptable accuracy. The
uncertainties in the estimated heat fluxes are comparable to in-situ
measurement uncertainties.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Avissar, R.: Which type of SVAT is needed for GCMs, J. Hydrol., 50, 3751–3774, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Menenti, M., Feddes, R. A., and Holtslag, A. A. M.: A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (Sebal), J. Hydrol., 212–213, 198–212, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Blyth, E. M. and Dolman, A. J.: The roughness length for heat of sparse vegetation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 583–585, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Brutsaert, W.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere, Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 299~pp., 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Caselles, V., Sobrino, J. A., and Coll, C.: A physical model for interpreting the land surface temperature obtained by remote sensing sensors over incomplete canopies, Remote Sens. Environ., 39, 203–211, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Chehbouni, A., Lo Seen, D., Njoku, E. G., and Monteny, B. M.: Examination of the difference between radiative and aerodynamic surface temperatures over sparsely vegetated surfaces, Remote Sens. Environ., 58, 177–186, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Chehbouni, A., Nouvellon, Y., Lhomme, J. P., Watts, C., Boulet, G., Kerr, Y. H., Moran, M. S., and Goodrich, D. C.: Estimation of surface sensible heat flux using dual angle observations of radiative surface temperature, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 55–65, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Choudhury, B. J.: Estimating evaporation and carbon assimilation using infrared temperature data: vistas in modeling, in: Theory and Applications of Remote Sensing, edited by: Asrar, G., John Wiley, New York, 628–690, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 373–398, 1988. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Choudhury, B. J., Reginato, R. J., and Idso, S. B.: An analysis of infrared temperature observations over wheat and calculation of latent heat fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 37, 75–88, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Dickinson, R. E.: Modeling evapotranspiration for three-dimensional global climate models, in: Climate Processes and Climate Variability, edited by: Hanson, J. E. and Takahashi, T., Am. Geophys. Union, 58–72, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> François, C.: The potential of directional radiometer temperatures for monitoring soil and leaf temperature and soil moisture status, Remote Sens. Environ., 80, 122–133, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> François, C., Ottlé, C., and Prévot, L.: Analytical parameterization of canopy directional emissivity and directional radiance in the thermal infrared. Application on the retrieval of soil and foliage temperatures using two directional measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 18, 2587–2621, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Friedl, M. A.: Modeling land surface fluxes using a sparse canopy model and radiometric surface temperature measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25435–25446, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Jackson, R. D., Reginato, R. J., and Idso, S. B.: Wheat canopy temperature: a practical tool for evaluating water requirements, Water Resour. Res., 13, 651–656, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Jupp, D. L. B., Tian, G., McVicar, T. R., Qin, Y., and Li, F.: Soil moisture and drought monitoring using remote sensing I: Theoretical background and methods, EOC Report1, 16–21, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Kimes, D. S.: Remote sensing of row crop structure and component temperatures using directional radiometric temperatures and inversion techniques, Remote Sens. Environ., 13, 33–55, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kustas, W. and Jackson, T.: The impact on area-averaged heat fluxes from using remotely sensed data at different resolutions: a case study with Washita&apos;92 data, Water Resour. Res., 35, 1539–1550, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Lhomme, J. P., Monteny, B., and Amadou, M.: Estimating sensible heat flux from radiometric temperature over sparse millet, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 68, 77–91, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Li, F., Kustas, W. P., Prueger, J. H., Neale, C. M. U., and Jackson, T. J.: Utility of remote sensing based two-source energy balance model under low and high vegetation cover conditions, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 878–891, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Li, X., Li, X. W., Li, Z. Y., Ma, M. G., Wang, J., Xiao, Q., Liu, Q., Che, T., Chen, E. X., Yan, G. J., Hu, Z. Y., Zhang, L. X., Chu, R. Z., Su, P. X., Liu, Q. H., Liu, S. M., Wang, J. D., Niu, Z., Chen, Y., Jin, R., Wang, W. Z., Ran, Y. H., Xin, X. Z., and Ren, H. Z.: Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Liang, S. L.: Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo: I Algorithms, Remote Sens. Environ., 76, 213–238, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Liang, S.L., Stroeve, J.C., Grant, I.F., Strahler, A.H. and Duvel, J.P.: Angular Corrections to Satellite Data for Estimating Earth Radiation Budget, Remote Sensing Reviews, 18, 103-136, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Liu, Q., Liu, Q.H., Xiao, Q., and Tian, G. L., Study on geometric correction of airborne multi-angular imagery, Science in China Series D, 45(12), 1075–1086, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Liu, Q. H., Liu, Q., and Xin, X. Z.: Experiment study of directional radiance and hotspot effect in thermal infrared observation of corn canopy, Proc. IGARSS&apos;01, Sydney, Australia, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Liu, Q. H., Li, X. W., Chen, L. F., and 973 Project Members: Field Campaign for Quantitative Remote Sensing in Beijing, J. Remote Sens., 6(Suppl.), 43–49, 2002 (in Chinese). </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Ma, Y. M.: Remote sensing parameterization of regional net radiation over heterogeneous land surface of Tibetan Plateau and arid area, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24, 3137–3148, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Massman, W. J.: A model study of \textitkB$_ -H^ –1$ for the vegetated surfaces using `localized near-field&apos; Lagrangian theory, J. Hydrol., 223, 27–43, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Norman, J. M., Kustas, W. P., and Humes, K. S.: Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 77, 263–293, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Olioso, A., Taconet, O., and Mehrez, M. B.: Estimation of heat and mass fluxes from IR brightness temperature, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 34, 1184–1190, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Shaw, R. H. and Pereira, A. R.: Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: a numerical experiment, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 26, 51–65, 1982. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Shuttleworth, W. J. and Wallace, J. S.: Evaporation from sparse crops – an energy combination theory, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 839–855, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Shuttleworth, W. J. and Gurney, R. J.: The theoretical relationship between foliage temperature and canopy resistance in sparse crop, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 116, 497–519, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Sobrino, J. A. and Caselles, V.: Thermal infrared radiance model for interpreting the directional radiometric temperature of a vegetative surface, Remote Sens. Environ., 33, 193–199, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Su, Z.: The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 85–100, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Troufleau, D., Lhomme, J. P., Monteny, B., and Vidal, A.: Sensible heat fluxes and radiometric temperature over sparse Sahelian vegetation: I. An experimental analysis of the $kB$&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; parameter, J. Hydrol., 188–189, 815–838, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Verhoef, W., de Bruin, H. A. R., and van den Hurk, B. J. J. M.: Some practical notes on the parameter for sparse vegetation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 560–572, 1997. </reference>
	</references>
</article>
