Abstract. Calibration of spatially distributed models is an important issue given their over-parameterisation. Three common regionalisation methods can be distinguished: transposition, prescription and constraint. This paper proposes a strategy where the three methods are combined to provide several spatial patterns depending on the model parameters. On the one hand, insensitive and equifinal parameters are prescribed uniformly while parameters with a physical meaning are prescribed at the mesh scale. On the other hand, parameters linked with a proxy runoff signature are constrained over each sub-basin and the remaining parameters are transposed with a physio-climatic pattern constructed over the calibration sub-basins.

The above tailor-made pattern regionalisation is applied at the daily time step over two large French catchments, the Loire catchment at Gien covering 35 707 km² and the Durance catchment at Cadarache covering 11 738 km². It is then evaluated and compared to a single regionalisation method over dozens of validation stations, treated as ungauged during the parameter regionalisation process. For that purpose, simulated and observed streamflows are compared in light of four runoff signatures: daily runoff, seasonality, flood and low flow. The results show that the tailor-made patterns succeed in significantly enhancing almost all the signatures. The enhancement appears for the least well-modelled stations and contributes a 20 % improvement towards gauged modelling. It also tends to guarantee a minimum performance in an ungauged context since the minimum KGE is now 0.4 whatever runoff signature is used.